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	CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.3	Population Shifts During the Industrial Revolution	

Specific Objective: Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

Read the summary to answer the questions on the next page.

Population Growth
By the time of the Industrial Revolution, there were more people than ever before. A main reason for this was 18th century agricultural improvements, which all but ended the periodic famines that had kept down European populations. From 1750 to 1850, the population of England alone nearly tripled.

Rural to Urban Migration
Before the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans—and most of the world—lived on small farms in rural areas. By the mid-1800s, half the people in England lived in cities, and by 1900 this change had spread throughout much of Europe. Population migration from rural to urban settings is a defining feature of the Industrial Revolution.

Why Cities?
__ Factory work made it necessary for many workers to be in one place.
__ New goods brought the need for new market centers. Often, these were located on waterways for ease of transportation.
__ The emerging banking and commercial industries developed their own centers.

Disease in Urban Centers
Nineteenth-century city dwellers were vulnerable to contagious—and sometimes deadly—diseases such as typhus, cholera, and influenza. These spread rapidly in the unhealthy conditions created by industrialization.

SPREAD
OF
DISEASE

Polluted air and water

Streets full of waste; contaminated water

Terrible sanitation

Industrial pollution

Poor living conditions

Cheaply built, overcrowded housing

Cause

Effect

Effect/Cause

	CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.3	Population Shifts During the Industrial Revolution	

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

Use the graph to answer questions 1–3.

1	Between 1800 and 1850, London’s population
A	doubled.
B	more than doubled.
C	grew at the same rate as Liverpool.
D	grew faster than Liverpool’s.

2	Which city had the smallest population throughout 1800–1850?
A	Birmingham
B	Liverpool
C	Edinburgh
D	Glasgow

3	What is the best explanation for the population growth shown in the graph?
A	An agricultural revolution meant there was more food available.
B	Better mining techniques increased the demand for coal.
C	Cities provided better entertainment and cultural opportunities.
D	Cities were more sanitary and healthy environments than farms.